Pharmacognosy · Antiallergic · Culinary & Medicinal Herb

Perilla

Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton — also known as Shiso, Zi Su, or the beefsteak plant — a Lamiaceae herb central to East Asian cuisine, with leaf polyphenols studied for antiallergic and anti-inflammatory effects and a seed oil exceptionally rich in omega-3 alpha-linolenic acid.

45 Primary Refs
20 Properties
Leaf Parts Used
✦ Researched
Last Updated
Primary Source Wikiphyto · NCBI PubMed · Food Chem Toxicol
Family Lamiaceae
Culinary & Medicinal Herb

Biological Overview

Perilla is an annual herbaceous plant native to the Far East, with broad green leaves carrying a silvery underside. It is a dual-purpose plant: the leaf is prized for its polyphenols, while the fruit yields a fatty oil exceptionally rich in omega-3 fatty acids.

Life CycleAnnual herb
HabitatEast Asia
Seed Oil Omega-360–65% ALA
Marker CompoundPerillaldehyde
Botanical Classification

Taxonomy & Identification

Latin Name
Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton
Varieties
var. arguta, crispa, hirtella + cultivars
Family
Lamiaceae
Common Names
Perilla, Pérille, Beefsteak Plant
Asian Names
Zi Su (Chinese), Shiso (Japanese)
Parts Used
Leaf; fatty oil of the fruit/seed
Habitat
Native to the Far East
Culinary & Ethnobotanical Tradition

History & Tradition

Perilla holds a cherished place in the culinary arts of China, Japan, and Korea, where it appears in everyday cooking — traditionally sprinkled over rice — under the names Zi Su and Shiso, respectively.

Beyond the kitchen, it has a long folk tradition as a support for the immune system, a use that modern research has approached from angles including antiallergic, antiviral, and broader immunomodulatory activity.

⚠ A Dual-Edged Plant

Perilla's research history runs in two very different directions: human-use research on allergic and metabolic conditions, alongside a long, separate body of veterinary toxicology literature documenting serious lung toxicity in livestock from a specific constituent, perilla ketone — covered in detail under Safety & Precautions.

Timeline

Traditional Era

Culinary & Folk Use

Daily culinary use across China, Japan, and Korea; folk use for immune support.

1977

Toxicity Identified

Wilson et al. identify perilla ketone as a potent lung toxin in livestock, published in Science.[35]

2001

Renal Protection Research

Makino et al. begin a sustained research program on perilla and glomerulonephritis.[14]

2017

Major Phytochemical Review

Yu et al. publish a comprehensive phytochemical and pharmacological review.[11]

2025

Alzheimer's Research

Kwon et al. publish on anti-neuroinflammatory effects in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model.[19]

The Key Molecule

Perillaldehyde — Deep Dive

The aldehyde that gives perilla its name, making up roughly half its essential oil — and a compound with a genuinely two-sided story.

🌿

Defining Aromatic Compound

Perillaldehyde accounts for roughly 50% of perilla essential oil and is the principal compound responsible for its characteristic aroma.

🧪

Precursor to Perillyl Alcohol

Perillaldehyde converts to perillyl alcohol, a compound that has been studied for potential use in cancer chemoprevention.

⚠️

Documented Skin Allergen

Perillaldehyde is a recognized contact allergen, capable of triggering plant contact dermatitis in sensitive individuals.[34]

🔬

Distinct From Perilla Ketone

Perillaldehyde is chemically distinct from perilla ketone — the compound responsible for the plant's documented lung-toxicity findings (see Safety).

⚠ Two Different Compounds, Two Different Risk Profiles

Don't confuse perillaldehyde with perilla ketone.

Perillaldehyde (the aroma compound, ~50% of the essential oil) is a contact allergen. Perilla ketone (a separate, distinct constituent) is the compound behind the well-documented pulmonary toxicity findings in livestock. Both are real constituents of the plant, but they carry different — and separate — safety considerations.

Available Forms

Parts Used & Available Forms

Two distinct parts are used — the leaf, and the fatty oil pressed from the fruit/seed.

Fatty Oil (Seed/Fruit)

A fatty oil rich in essential fatty acids, particularly omega-3 alpha-linolenic acid — the most distinctive commercial form of the plant.

Seed Oil · Omega-3

Essential Oil

Distilled from the leaf and aerial parts; perillaldehyde-rich, used for its sedative, antifungal, and antitussive properties, and sometimes added to the fatty oil to slow its oxidation.

Distilled · Perillaldehyde-Rich

Clinical Dosimetry

Dosages

Two forms have documented dosing from published human trials — a leaf extract tested over three weeks, and a seed oil tested over a full year.

Form Dose Frequency Duration Tested Notes
Leaf Extract (Rosmarinic Acid) 50–200 mg Once daily 21 days Reduced seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis symptoms; no adverse events or blood abnormalities reported[6]
Seed Oil (Cognitive Support) 1.47 mL (~0.88 g ALA) Once daily 12 months Well tolerated in healthy elderly adults[42]
Seed Oil (Bone Health) 7.0 mL Once daily 12 months Safe and well tolerated in healthy adults[43]

These figures reflect the specific doses tested in randomized, placebo-controlled trials — not one universal recommendation. Perilla leaf is also a staple culinary ingredient across Chinese, Japanese, and Korean cooking, where it carries no formal dose at all.

Standardization varies by product, so check the label and confirm dosing with a healthcare provider.

Phytochemistry

Composition

Perilla's chemistry splits cleanly into three distinct profiles: leaf polyphenols, seed/fruit oil, and essential oil.

Leaf — Polyphenols & Flavonoids

Rosmarinic AcidPrincipal polyphenol; antiallergic, anti-inflammatory
Major
Caffeic AcidXanthine oxidase & aldose reductase inhibitor
Present
Luteolin, Chrysoeriol & ApigeninFlavonoids; antiallergic, antioxidant
Present

Fruit/Seed Oil — Fatty Acids

Alpha-Linolenic Acid (Omega-3)Polyunsaturated; 60–65% of the oil
Major
Linoleic Acid (Omega-6)Polyunsaturated; 12.6% of the oil
Present
Oleic AcidMonounsaturated; 19.6% of the oil
Present

Essential Oil

PerillaldehydeAldehyde; ~50% of the essential oil
Major
Limonene & Beta-CaryophylleneMonoterpene & sesquiterpene
Present
Perilla Ketone & IsoegomaketoneKetones; see Safety for toxicity note[2]
Caution
Other ConstituentsElsholtziaketone, shisofurane, farnesene, trans-shisool[1], citral, perillene, phenylpropanoids[3]
Present

Plant Properties — Pharmacodynamics

20 properties documented across leaf, seed, and essential-oil research.

20 Properties Antiallergic Anti-Inflammatory Neuroprotective
🩸

Anti-Atheromatous & Anti-Platelet

Documented anti-atheromatous and anti-platelet-aggregation activity for the plant.

🔥

Anti-Inflammatory

Inhibits 5-lipoxygenase, reducing leukotriene synthesis and immuno-inflammatory reactions.

🫁

Antiallergic — Bronchial Protection

Reduces inflammatory cytokine gene expression in bronchial epithelial cells and modulates vascular smooth muscle responses.[4][5]

🤧

Antiallergic — IgE Reduction

Rosmarinic acid and luteolin reduce IgE levels and improve seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis symptoms.[6][7][8][9][10]

📚

Broad-Spectrum Activity (Review)

A comprehensive review highlights antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, antidepressant, and antitussive properties.[11]

🩺

Hypoglycemic (Seed Polyphenols)

Seed polyphenols — rosmarinic acid, luteolin, apigenin, and their glucosides — show hypoglycemic properties.[12]

👁️

Diabetic Retinopathy & Neuropathy Prevention

Flavonoids (luteolin, apigenin, diosmetin) inhibit aldose reductase, the enzyme behind glucose-to-fructose accumulation that damages eye tissue.[13]

🫘

Renal Protection — Glomerulonephritis

A perilla decoction inhibits mesangial cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo, and reduces circulating growth factors and glomerular macrophage infiltration.[14][15]

🛡️

Renal Protection — IgA Nephropathy

Prevents IgA nephropathy in two separate murine models.[16][17]

🧠

Neuroprotective & Cognitive

Improves learning and memory, reduces neuroinflammation, and shows potential relevance to Alzheimer's disease in animal models.[18][19]

🦠

Antiviral & Anticarcinogenic

Inhibits Epstein-Barr virus induction and tumor promotion; rosmarinic acid shows anticarcinogenic activity in a murine skin model.[20][21]

🔬

Anticancer Potential (Ketones)

Perilla ketone and isoegomaketone show notable potential in cancer-related research, separate from their toxicity profile.[22]

⚗️

Perillyl Alcohol Pathway

Perillaldehyde converts to perillyl alcohol, a compound usable in cancer chemoprevention research.

🎯

TRPA1 Receptor Agonism

Ketone derivatives are potent TRPA1 channel agonists, with potency exceeding most natural agonists reported in the literature.[23][24]

🫀

Hepatoprotective

Rosmarinic acid reduces LPS-induced liver injury, and aqueous leaf extract protects against oxidative hepatotoxicity in rats.[25][26]

🩹

Anti-Gastritic & Anti-H. pylori

The fruit is used in traditional Chinese medicine formulas targeting gastritis and Helicobacter pylori.[27]

😴

Essential Oil
Sedative (Inhaled)

Inhaled essential oil produces a sedative effect in animal studies.[28]

🦠

Essential Oil
Antioxidant & Antimicrobial

Antioxidant, antifungal, antibacterial, and antitussive activity is documented, though large-scale clinical trials are still lacking.[29]

🍄

Essential Oil
Antifungal (A. flavus)

Specific antifungal activity demonstrated against Aspergillus flavus.[30]

🐛

Essential Oil
Insecticidal

Active against stored-product insects Tribolium castaneum and Lasioderma serricorne, attributed to its 2-furyl methyl ketone content (>70%).[31]

Clinical Applications

Clinical Indications

From everyday culinary use and metabolic support to allergy relief, renal protection, and a few genuinely exploratory applications.

🩸
Cardiovascular & Metabolic
Diet & Lipid Profile
  • Mediterranean-style diet inclusion: for the seed oil's omega-3 richness.
  • Atheroma, vascular risk, hyperlipidemia (fruit/seed oil). [32]
🤧
Allergic & Respiratory Conditions
Best-Studied Indication
  • Allergies and atopic dermatitis, asthma, asthmatiform bronchitis, and allergic rhinitis. [33]
❓
Autoimmune, Renal & Cancer
Unconfirmed / Exploratory
  • Lupus, polyarthritis, glomerulonephritis, Crohn's disease: these remain exploratory uses, not confirmed indications.
  • Cancers: also explicitly flagged as unconfirmed in both the phytotherapy and aromatherapy indications.
💧
Aromatherapy-Specific Uses
Essential Oil
  • Urinary and biliary lithiasis: attributed to the limonene content.
  • Oxidation prevention: adding essential oil to the omega-3-rich fatty oil helps prevent its oxidation.
Pharmacodynamics

Mode of Action

Documented and presumed mechanisms underlying perilla's antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic effects.

⚗️

Xanthine Oxidase & Aldose Reductase Inhibition

Caffeic acid inhibits both xanthine oxidase and aldose reductase, mechanisms relevant to gout and diabetic complications respectively.

🔥

5-Lipoxygenase Inhibition

Inhibits 5-lipoxygenase, reducing leukotriene synthesis and downstream immuno-inflammatory reactions.

🎯

TRPA1 Receptor Agonism

Ketone derivatives act as potent agonists of the TRPA1 ion channel, a sensory receptor pathway.[23][24]

👁️

Flavonoid Antioxidant Action

Luteolin and apigenin inhibit aldose reductase activity, the proposed basis for diabetic retinopathy and neuropathy prevention.[13]

Clinical Safety

Safety, Precautions & Toxicology

Two genuinely distinct safety concerns — a skin allergen, and a separate, well-documented lung toxin.

⚠️

Adverse Effects

  • Skin allergen: perillaldehyde is a documented contact allergen, capable of causing plant contact dermatitis. [34]
  • Pulmonary toxicity (perilla ketone): well documented in animal models — cattle, sheep, and horses — as a cause of atypical interstitial pneumonia. [35][36][37][38][39]
  • Mechanism: increased pulmonary microvascular permeability, leading to edema. [40][41]
  • Context: this toxicity is primarily documented in livestock that grazed on large quantities of the fresh plant; it reflects a real constituent-level risk relevant to concentrated perilla ketone exposure, not necessarily typical culinary or supplemental use.
🚫

Precautions & Open Questions

  • No formal regulatory monograph: no pharmacopoeia monograph or specific regulatory status has been established for this plant.
  • No specific human drug interactions documented: none have been documented for perilla.
  • Variety-dependent ketone content: perilla ketone and related toxic constituents vary by cultivar and growing conditions, which is a relevant quality consideration for concentrated extracts.
  • General omega-3 caution: as with any oil rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, a general caution around concurrent anticoagulant or antiplatelet medication is reasonable, though not specifically studied for perilla.
Clinical Disclaimer: This monograph is for educational and professional reference only. It does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment guidance. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider before initiating any phytotherapeutic regimen, particularly if you are pregnant, breastfeeding, taking anticoagulant medication, or have a known plant allergy.
Common Questions

Frequently Asked Questions

What is perilla used for?
Perilla (Perilla frutescens) is used for seasonal allergies, allergic rhinitis, asthma and asthmatiform bronchitis, atopic dermatitis, and as a dietary source of omega-3 fatty acids via its seed oil. It is also a major culinary herb in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean cuisine, where it is known as Zi Su or Shiso.
What is the difference between perilla leaf and perilla seed oil?
Perilla leaf is rich in polyphenols (rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid) and flavonoids (luteolin, apigenin, chrysoeriol), which underlie its antiallergic and anti-inflammatory effects. Perilla seed (fruit) oil is instead valued for its very high alpha-linolenic acid (omega-3) content, around 60 to 65 percent of the oil.
Is perilla safe?
Perillaldehyde, a major aromatic compound in perilla, is a recognized skin allergen. Separately, perilla ketone — a different constituent — has well-documented pulmonary toxicity in animal studies (cattle, sheep, and horses), causing severe lung injury through increased pulmonary microvascular permeability. This toxicity is primarily documented in livestock that grazed on large quantities of the plant, but it is a real constituent-level safety consideration.
What is the recommended dosage of perilla?
Two forms have documented human dosing from published trials: a leaf extract standardized to rosmarinic acid, tested at 50 mg or 200 mg per day over 21 days for seasonal allergies, and seed oil, tested at 1.47 mL to 7.0 mL per day over 12 months for cognitive and bone health. Both were well tolerated. These reflect specific trial doses rather than one universal recommendation, so confirm dosing with a healthcare provider for any commercial product.
Can perilla help with allergies?
Yes, this is one of its best-studied uses. Human and animal research links perilla leaf extract, rosmarinic acid, and luteolin to reduced IgE levels, decreased inflammatory cytokine activity in bronchial cells, and clinical improvement in seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis.
Is perilla the same as shiso?
Yes. Shiso is the Japanese name for Perilla frutescens, the same plant called Zi Su in Chinese and perilla, pérille, or beefsteak plant in English and French.
Does perilla interact with medications?
No specific human drug interactions have been documented for perilla. As with any omega-3-rich oil, a general caution around concurrent anticoagulant or antiplatelet medication is reasonable, though this has not been specifically studied for perilla.
Can perilla help with diabetes?
Animal and in vitro research suggests perilla seed polyphenols have hypoglycemic properties and that perilla flavonoids may help prevent diabetic retinopathy and neuropathy by inhibiting aldose reductase, an enzyme involved in glucose-to-fructose conversion that damages eye tissue. This has not been established in large human clinical trials.
Is there research on perilla and cancer?
Some experimental research points to anticarcinogenic and antitumor-promoting effects from perilla constituents, including rosmarinic acid and perilla ketone derivatives, and perillaldehyde can be converted to perillyl alcohol, a compound studied in cancer chemoprevention. Cancer remains an unconfirmed, exploratory indication rather than an established one.
Primary Literature

Bibliography

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Additional Reference Literature

Inouye S, Yamaguchi H, Takizawa T. Screening of the antibacterial effects of a variety of essential oils on respiratory tract pathogens, using a modified dilution assay method. J Infect Chemother. 2001;7:251-254.
Barbieri C, Ferrazzi P. Perilla frutescens: interesting new medicinal and melliferous plant in Italy. Nat Prod Commun. 2011 Oct;6(10):1461-3. PubMed PMID:22164783 →